![]() We conducted the first systematic survey on Sumatran rhinoceros following a robust patch occupancy framework in 3,500 km2 of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP), Sumatra, Indonesia. To reduce the probability of poaching, here we present only the randomized location of site level occupancy in our result while retaining the overall estimation of occupancy for a given area We summarize our core recommendation in four points: consolidate small population, strong protection, determine the percentage of breeding females, and recognize the cost of doing nothing. Using the probabilities of site occupancy, we developed spatially explicit maps that can be used to outline intensive protection zones for in-situ conservation efforts, and provide a detailed assessment of conserving Sumatran rhinos in the wild. ![]() In Bukit Barisan Selatan, occurrence was negatively associated with presence of primary dryland forest and rivers. In Way Kambas, occurrence was negatively associated with the presence of a road. In the Leuser Landscape, rhino occurrence was positively associated with primary dry land forest and rivers, and negatively associated with the presence of a road. In the Leuser Landscape (surveyed in 2007), the model averaging result of conditional occupancy estimate was or 2,371.47 km2, and the model averaging result of replicated level detection probability in Way Kambas National Park-2008: or 634.18 km2, and and in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park-2010: or 819.67 km2, and. ![]() Using an occupancy model with spatial dependency, we assessed the fraction of the total landscape occupied by Sumatran rhinos over a 30,345-km2 survey area and the effects of covariates in the areas where they are known to occur. Assessing population and spatial distribution of this very rare species is challenging because of their elusiveness and very low population number. The main threats to their survival in the wild include poaching and habitat encroachment by humans.In the 200 years since the Sumatran rhinoceros was first scientifically described (Fisher 1814), the range of the species has contracted from a broad region in Southeast Asia to three areas on the island of Sumatra and one in Kalimantan, Indonesia. While a number of these animals are kept in zoos, they rarely breed in captivity. ![]() Listed as critically endangered, there are thought to be fewer than 100 Sumatran rhinos in existence today. The horn is also valued in the Middle East, Yemen especially, and North Africa as an ornamental dagger handle. Many animals have been killed for this hard growth, which is made of a hair-like substance and is revered for medicinal use in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The horns for which rhinos are so well known have been their downfall. The anterior horn may grow up to 79 centimeters (31 inches), but is normally much smaller, while the posterior horn may grow up to 7.5 centimeters (3 inches), but is generally no more than a hump. The Sumatran rhino’s two horns are considerably smaller than those of their African relatives, the black and white rhinos. ![]() Unlike most other rhinos, their hide, dark red-brown in color, is covered with patches of short, dark, stiff hair. Like other rhinos they have a keen sense of smell and sharp hearing, and they use these traits to distinguish their territories from rival rhinos.Īs the smallest rhino, they weigh about 798 kilograms (1,760 pounds), and grow to a height near 1.5 meters (5 feet) at the shoulders and 2.45 to 3.05 meters (8 to 10 feet) in length. Sumatran rhinos are generally solitary creatures that feed on fruits, twigs, leaves, and shrubs. The smallest of the rhino family, the Sumatran rhinoceros lives in isolated pockets in the dense mountain forests of Indonesia. The two-horned Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) shares the bleak distinction of world’s most endangered rhino with its regional cousin, the Javan rhino. ![]()
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